Construction of an evaluation scale for post competence of family doctors based on knowledge-skill-management model / 中华全科医师杂志

Objective:To construct an evaluation scale for post competence of family doctors based on knowledge-skill-management model.Methods:The evaluation dimensions and indicators for post competency of family doctors were preliminarily developed through literature review, internal group meeting and brainstorming, and in-depth interviews of experts. And 16 experts in the fields of general practice and health management were invited for 2 rounds of Delphi consultation from December 2020 to April 2021. A competency evaluation scale for family doctors based on the dimensions of knowledge, skills and management was finally constructed.Results:The age of the experts was (47.9±7.3) years with a working experience of (24.6±7.8) years. The Cronbach′s α of the questionnaires was 0.891 and the KMO was 0.844. The positive coefficients for 2 rounds of expert consultation were 100%; the familiarity level of experts was 0.86 and authority level was 0.89 in the first round consultation, and those were 0.84 and 0.90 in the second round consultation. After 2 rounds of consultation, the coordination coefficient of expert opinions in the knowledge and skill dimensions was>0.5, and that in the management dimension and overall evaluation system was>0.3. After discussion 2 indicators were deleted in the first round of consultation. The finally constructed family doctor post competency evaluation scale included 3 dimensions, 8 secondary indicators and 61 tertiary indicators. Conclusion:Through the Delphi consultation, we have successfully constructed an evaluation scale for post competence of family doctors based on the three dimensions of knowledge, skills and management.

Investigation on clinical knowledge and training needs of general practitioners: a perspective of subjective perception and objective assessment / 中华全科医师杂志

Objective:To analyze the clinical knowledge and training needs of general practitioners from subjective perception and objective assessment, and to analyze their relationship.Methods:A survey was conducted among general practitioners from community health service centers in Shanghai Changning district from September to December 2020. Based on the general practitioner competency indicator system designed by the project team, 17 clinical knowledge competency evaluation indicators were developed through expert consultation, and used for subjective perception and objective assessment of clinical knowledge and learning needs among general practitioners. The influencing factors of objective assessment scores were analyzed, and the relationship between subjective perception and objective assessment scores was analyzed using the four quadrant method.Results:A total of 136 general practitioners participated in the study with the mean age of (39.25±5.90) years, most of whom were attending physician (67.65%, 92/136) and had undergraduate education (88.20%, 122/136). The average daily application frequency score was (1.55±0.21), and the training needs score was (1.65±0.09) for 17 clinical knowledge items; the average objective evaluation score was (74.21±14.0) points. The older the age ( OR=1.25, 95% CI:1.14-1.37), the higher the educational level ( OR=2.11, 95% CI:1.57-2.83), and the longer the working years ( OR=1.16, 95% CI:1.04-1.30) were significantly correlated with the higher objective evaluation scores (all P<0.05). The objective evaluation scores of endocrine diseases such as diabetes, cerebrovascular diseases and respiratory diseases are the highest, and the daily application frequency and learning needs are high (the first quadrant); The objective evaluation scores of common orthopedic diseases, common psychological diseases, and planned immunity indicators were relatively low, but their daily application frequency and learning needs were relatively high (second quadrant). The objective evaluation scores of indicators such as common malignant tumors, common dermatology diseases and health problems, and common ENT diseases were low, and the daily application frequency and learning needs were also low (the third quadrant). The objective evaluation scores of indicators such as hospice and palliative care are relatively high, but their daily application frequency and training needs are relatively low (listed in the fourth quadrant). Conclusions:The clinical knowledge levels of general practitioners are correlated with age, education level, and years of practice. There is a certain overlap between the objective evaluation results of clinical knowledge and the frequency of knowledge usage and training needs of general practitioners, and a targeted training mechanism should be established.

The path and effect of regional medical centers and community centers in post-training of general practitioners with "integrated dual-drives" model / 中华全科医师杂志

The integration of regional medical centers and community health service centers is an effective way to improve the professional ability of general practitioners in post-practice training. Its major advantage lies in the establishment of a regional general practitioner ability improvement system integrating assessment, practice and teaching under the unified health administrative department. This article introduces the path of general practitioner post-training developed by Shanghai Tongren Hospital in forms of a regional medical center combined with the community health service center under the "integrated dual-drives" model, which was carried out in Shanghai Changning District; and its preliminary accomplishment is also discussed. It may provide reference for regional medical centers to improve the ability of general practitioners through practice-driven and teaching-driven.

Effects of GSK484 on ventilator-induced lung injury and neutrophil extracelluar traps in mice / 中华麻醉学杂志

Objective:To evaluate the effects of GSK484 on ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI) and neutrophil extracelluar traps (NETs) in mice.Methods:Forty-eight SPF healthy male C57BL/6 mice, aged 5-6 weeks, weighing 15-20 g, were divided into 4 groups ( n=12 each) by a random number table method: spontaneous breathing group (group S), spontaneous breathing+ GSK484 intervention group (group SG), VILI group (group V), and VILI + GSK484 intervention group (group VG). The animals kept spontaneous breathing for 4 h after tracheal intubation in S and SG groups. The animals were mechanically ventilated for 4 h (tidal volume 30 ml/kg, respiratory rate 75 breaths/min, inspiratory/expiratory ratio 1∶2, positive end-expiratory pressure 0 mmHg, fraction of inspired oxygen 21%) in V and VG groups. At 3 days before developing the VILI model, GSK484 4 mg/kg was intraperitoneally injected once a day in SG and VG groups, while the equal volume of normal saline was given instead in S and V groups. Blood samples were collected from the abdominal aorta for blood gas analysis at 4 h of spontaneous breathing or mechanical ventilation, and PaO 2 was recorded. The mice were then sacrificed and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was collected and lung tissues were obtained for microscopic examination of the pathological changes (with a light microscope after HE staining) which were scored and for determination of wet to dry weight ratio (W/D ratio), concentrations of interleukin-1beta (IL-1β), IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) in BALF (by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay), expression of peptidylarginine deiminase 4 (PAD4), neutrophil elastase (NE), high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) and citrullinated-histone 3 (Cit-H3) in lung tissues (by Western blot). Results:Compared with S and SG groups, the lung injury score and W/D ratio were significantly increased, PaO 2 was decreased, concentrations of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α and MPO in BALF were increased, and the expression of PAD4, NE, HMGB1 and Cit-H3 in lung tissues was up-regulated in V and VG groups ( P<0.05). Compared with group V, the lung injury score and W/D ratio were significantly decreased, PaO 2 was increased, the concentrations of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α and MPO in BALF were decreased, and the expression of PAD4, NE, HMGB1 and Cit-H3 was down-regulated in group VG ( P<0.05). Conclusions:GSK484 can alleviate VILI in mice, and the mechanism is associated with inhibition of PAD4, reduction of the production of NETs and attenuation of inflammatory responses in lung tissues.

Role of SIRT1/NF-κB signaling pathway in mild hypothermia-induced promotion of microglial polarization during oxygen-glucose deprivation and restoration / 中华麻醉学杂志

Objective:To evaluate the role of Sirtuin 1/nuclear factor κB (SIRT1/NF-κB) signaling pathway in mild hypothermia-induced promotion of microglial polarization during oxygen-glucose deprivation and restoration (OGD/R).Methods:The well-grown BV2 microglia were divided into 4 groups ( n=36 each) using the random number table method: control group (group C), OGD/R group (group O), mild hypothermia group (group M), and mild hypothermia+ SIRT1 specific inhibitor EX527 group (group ME). Cells in group C were commonly cultured without any treatment. Cells in group O were subjected to 3 h of OGD followed by 21 h of restoration of O 2-glucose supply at 37 ℃. Cells in group M were subjected to 3 h of OGD followed by 21 h of restoration of O 2-glucose supply at 33 ℃. Cells in group ME were co-cultured with inhibitor EX527 (final concentration 5 nmol/L) for 12 h in the medium before OGD/R, and the other procedures were conducted as previously described in group M. The cell survival rate was detected by CCK-8 assay. The levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1beta (IL-1β) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) in supernatant were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The expression of CD206, CD32, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and arginine synthase 1 (Arg-1) mRNA was detected by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. The expression of CD206 and CD32 was detected by immunofluorescent staining. The expression of iNOS, Arg-1, SIRT1, NF-κB p65 (p65) and acetylated NF-κB (Ac-p65) was detected by Western blot. Results:Compared with group C, the cell survival rate was significantly decreased, the concentrations of TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-10 in the supernatant were increased, the expression of CD206, Arg-1, CD32 and iNOS was up-regulated, the expression of SIRT1 was down-regulated, and the Ac-p65/p65 ratio was increased in group O ( P<0.05). Compared with group O, the cell survival rate was significantly increased, the concentrations of TNF-α and IL-6 in the supernatant were decreased, the concentration of IL-10 was increased, the expression of CD206, Arg-1 and SIRT1 was up-regulated, the expression of CD32 and iNOS was down-regulated, and the Ac-p65/p65 ratio was decreased in group M ( P<0.05). Compared with group M, the cell survival rate was significantly decreased, the concentrations of TNF-α and IL-6 in the supernatant were increased, the concentration of IL-10 was decreased, the expression of CD206, Arg-1 and SIRT1 was down-regulated, the expression of CD32 and iNOS was up-regulated, and the Ac-p65/p65 ratio was increased in group ME ( P<0.05). Conclusions:SIRT1/NF-κB signaling pathway is involved in mild hypothermia-induced promotion of microglial polarization during OGD/R.

Self-assembly in the transparent droplets formed during the screening of protein self-assembly conditions / 生物工程学报

Protein self-assemblies at the micro- and nano-scale are of great interest because of their morphological diversity and good biocompatibility. High-throughput screening of protein self-assembly at different scales and morphologies using protein crystallization screening conditions is an emerging method. When using this method to screen protein self-assembly conditions, some apparently transparent droplets are often observed, in which it is not clear whether self-assembly occurs. We explored the interaction between β-lactoglobulin and the protein crystallization kit Index™ C10 and observed the presence of micro- and nano-scale protein self-assemblies in the transparent droplets. The diverse morphology of the micro- and nano-scale self-assemblies in the transparent droplets formed by mixing different initial concentrations of β-lactoglobulin and Index™ C10 was further investigated by scanning electron microscope. Self-assembly process of fluorescence-labelled β-lactoglobulin was monitored continuously by laser confocal microscope, allowing real-time observation of the liquid-liquid phase separation phenomenon and the morphology of the final self-assemblies. The internal structure of the self-assemblies was gradually ordered over time by in-situ X-ray diffraction. This indicates that the self-assembly phenomenon within transparent droplets, observed in protein self-assembly condition screening experiments, is worthy of further in-depth exploration.

Hyphal Formation is Enhanced by 121°C Heat Inactivation of Serum Added to Culture Media

Background: A novel method for inducing hyphae formation, was described.Methods:Mycelia of experimental and clinical strains from 100 patients with oral lichen planuswere cultured in RPMI 1640 medium with 56°C or 121°C inactivated calf sera. After these strains were cultured for 2 h to 7 days, the average hyphae formation rate was observed under light microscopy. Results: The 121°C inactivated calf serum showed better outcomes than 56°C inactivated calf serum in terms of time and amounts of hyphae products. Conclusions:For Candida albicanshyphae culture, the 121°C inactivated serum is superior to the 56°C inactivated serum

Prognostic value of arterial lactate combined with central venous-to-arterial carbon dioxide difference to arterial-to-central venous oxygen content difference ratio in septic shock patients / 中华危重病急救医学

Objective:To evaluate the prognostic value of arterial lactate (Lac) combined with central venous-to-arterial carbon dioxide difference to arterial-to-central venous oxygen content difference ratio (Pcv-aCO 2/Ca-cvO 2) in patients with septic shock following early fluid resuscitation. Methods:A total of 97 patients with septic shock admitted to intensive care unit (ICU) of Lanzhou University Second Hospital from January 2017 to December 2019 were enrolled. The Pcv-aCO 2/Ca-cvO 2 ratio was calculated from blood gas analysis of radial artery and superior vena cava which was performed before resuscitation and at 6 hours of resuscitation at the same time. The patients were divided into death group and survival group according to the 28-day prognosis. The baseline data, acute physiology and chronic health evaluation Ⅱ (APACHEⅡ) score, sequential organ failure score (SOFA), clinical therapy, lactate clearance rate (LCR) at 6 hours, the length of ICU stay, hemodynamics and oxygen metabolism parameters before and after resuscitation were compared between the two groups. Risk factors were analyzed by multivariate Cox regression for 28-day mortality of patients with septic shock. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was plotted to assess the prognostic values of these factors for 28-day mortality. Results:① Compared with the survival group, the patients in the death group showed significantly higher levels of APACHEⅡ score (23.96±4.31 vs. 17.70±3.92) and SOFA score (12.74±2.80 vs. 9.23±2.43, both P < 0.01), significantly higher proportions of mechanical ventilation [85.2% (23/27) vs. 50.0% (35/70)] and continuous renal replacement therapy [CRRT; 51.9% (14/27) vs. 25.7% (18/70), both P < 0.05], a significantly more fluid replacement at 6 hours (L: 2.92±0.24 vs. 2.63±0.25, P < 0.01), a significantly lower level of LCR at 6 hours [(11.61±7.76)% vs. (27.67±13.71)%, P < 0.01], and a shorter length of ICU stay (days: 6.37±2.70 vs. 7.67±2.31, P < 0.05). ② Compared with the survival group, the patients before resuscitation in the death group showed a significantly lower level of mean arterial pressure [MAP (mmHg, 1 mmHg = 0.133 kPa): 52.63±4.35 vs. 55.74±3.01, P < 0.01], significantly higher levels of Lac and Pcv-aCO 2/Ca-cvO 2 ratio [Lac (mmol/L): 7.13±1.75 vs. 5.22±1.36, Pcv-aCO 2/Ca-cvO 2 ratio: 1.67±0.29 vs. 1.48±0.22, both P < 0.01]; and the patients at 6 hours of resuscitation in the death group showed a significantly lower level of MAP (mmHg: 62.59±4.80 vs. 66.71±3.91, P < 0.01), significantly higher levels of central venous pressure (CVP), Lac, Pcv-aCO 2 and Pcv-aCO 2/Ca-cvO 2 ratio [CVP (mmHg): 10.74±1.40 vs. 8.80±0.75, Lac (mmol/L): 6.36±1.86 vs. 3.90±1.95, Pcv-aCO 2 (mmHg): 7.59±2.02 vs. 4.34±1.37, Pcv-aCO 2/Ca-cvO 2 ratio: 1.87±0.51 vs. 1.03±0.27, all P < 0.01]. ③ Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that the independent risk factors for 28-day mortality in patients with septic shock were Lac and Pcv-aCO 2/Ca-cvO 2 ratio whether before or at 6 hours of resuscitation [Lac before resuscitation: relative risk ( RR) = 1.434, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) was 1.070-1.922, P = 0.016; Lac at 6 hours of resuscitation: RR = 1.564, 95% CI was 1.202-2.035, P = 0.001; Pcv-aCO 2/Ca-cvO 2 ratio before resuscitation: RR = 2.828, 95% CI was 1.108-4.207, P = 0.038; Pcv-aCO 2/Ca-cvO 2 ratio at 6 hours of resuscitation: RR = 4.386, 95% CI was 2.842-5.730, P = 0.000]. ④ ROC curve analysis showed that Lac and Pcv-aCO 2/Ca-cvO 2 ratio at 6 hours of resuscitation had predictive value for the prognosis of patients with septic shock, the area under ROC curve (AUC) was 0.849 (95% CI was 0.762-0.914) and 0.905 (95% CI was 0.828-0.955), respectively. However, the predictive value of Lac combined with Pcv-aCO 2/Ca-cvO 2 ratio in patients with septic shock was significantly higher than Lac [AUC (95% CI): 0.976 (0.923-0.996) vs. 0.849 (0.762-0.914), Z = 3.354, P = 0.001], the sensitivity was 97.14%, and the specificity was 88.89%. Conclusions:Lac and Pcv-aCO 2/Ca-cvO 2 ratio are independent risk factors for predicting 28-day mortality in patients with septic shock. Lac combined with Pcv-aCO 2/Ca-cvO 2 ratio can assess the prognosis of patients with septic shock more accurately.

Current advances in research of burning mouth syndrome: biological nerve and social psychology patterns / 中华口腔医学杂志

Burning mouth syndrome (BMS) is a complex chronic disorder characterized symptomatically by burning sensation mainly localized in the tongue with no specific lesions. Its etiology is not fully understood. Due to the persistent pain and unsatisfactory outcome of treatment, patients with high expectation when seeking medical advice easily feel discontent after treatment, which might cause medical dispute. This review introduces the epidemiology, manifestations, etiology, diagnosis, classification and treatment of BMS. The authors hope the current advances about BMS, mainly focus on the etiology of biological nerve and social psychology, may help the clinicians in treatment of BMS.

Efficacy and evaluation on safety of beraprost sodium combined with immunosuppressor in treatment of primary nephrotic syndrome / 吉林大学学报(医学版)

Objective; To explore the clinical efficacy and safety of beraprost sodium (BPS) combined with glucocorticoid (GC) and (or) immunosuppressive agents in the treatment of the patients with primary nephrotic syndrome (PNS), and to provide evidence for its application in the treatment of PNS. Methods; Eighty-six patients diagnosed as PNS definitely were selected. They were treated with GC and (or) immunosuppressive agents and were divided into BPS group (administrated with BPS, ra=42) and control group (administrated with dipyridamole or aspirin, n-) according to their willing to the acceptance of different anti-platelet treatment regimens. The relevant laboratory indexes of the patients in two groups before and after treatment were analyzed, and the effective rate, incidence of complications and drug adverse reactions of the patients in two groups were compared. Results; Comparedwith control group, the urinary protein levels of the patients in BPS group at the 1st and 6th months after treatment were significantly decresed (P<0. 05) and the serum albumin (ALB) levels of the patients in BPS group were significantly increased (P<0. 05); the levels of fibrinogen (FIB) and D-dimer (DD) of the patients in BPS group at the 3rd, 6th and 12th months after treatment were significantly decreased (P<0. 05 or P<0. 01). Compared with control group, the systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) of the patients in BPS group at the 1st month after treatment were decreased significantly (P<0. 05). The cholesterol (TC) level and total effective rate of the patients in BPS group at the 6th month after treatment were higher than those in control group (P<0. 05). Compared with control group, the incidence of elevation of blood pressure of the patients with normal basal blood pressure in BPS group was significantly decreased (P<0. 05); the incidence of headache and dizziness was significantly increased (P<0. 05). Conclusion: The safety of BPS combined with GC and (or) immunosuppressive agents in treating the PNS patients is higher and superior to the conventional antiplatelet agents.

Curative efficacy of tacrolimus combined with corticosteroids in treatment of idiopathic membranous nephropathy and response of anti-M-type phospholipase A2 receptor antibody to treatment / 吉林大学学报(医学版)

Objective:To evaluate the curative efficacy of tacrolimus (FK506)combined with corticosteroids in the treatment of idiopathic membranous nephropathy (IMN ), and to analyze the response of anti-M-type phospholipase A2 receptor (PLA2R)antibody to the treatment.Methods:Sixty-one adult IMN patients were divided into FK506 group (FK506 combined with corticosteroids,n = 24)and CTX group (cyclophosphomide combined with corticosteroids,n=37)according to their willing to the acceptance of different immunosuppressives. The remission rates of the patients at 4,8,12 and 24 weeks after treatment in two groups were analyzed.The ELISA method was used for the detection of serum anti-PLA2R antibodies of the patients before and after treatment.The antibody level changes were observed and the difference of remission rates was compared between the antibody positive patients and the negative patients in FK506 group.Results:The total remission rates of the patients in FK506 and CTX groups 24 weeks after treatment were 91.7% and 64.9% respectively and the total remission rate of the patients in FK506 group was significantly higher than that in CTX group (P 0.05).The total remission rates of the antibody positive patients and negative patients at baseline in FK506 group 24 weeks after treatment were 88.9% and 100.0%,respectively;there was no significant difference (P > 0.05).Except the characteristic side effects of corticosteroids,the patients in FK506 group presented no hyperglycemia,tubulointerstitial damage,hepatic lesion or neurotoxicity. But the patients in CTX group showed mild hepatic lesion or gastrointestinal symptoms.Conclusion:The remission rate of FK506 combined with corticosteroids is higher than that of CTX combined with corticosteroids in the treatment of IMN patients.FK506 treatment has relatively rapid effect and less side effects as well.The negative conversion of serum anti-PLA2R antibody follows the remission after treatment;however,the negative conversion rate has no significant difference between FK506 group and CTX group.The remission rate of IMN patients treated with FK56 combined with hormone has no relationship with the baseline anti-PLA2R antibody.

Effect of prophylactic antidepressant treatment with citalopram on motor function recovery in patients with acute cortical infarction / 国际脑血管病杂志

Objective To investigate the effect of using prophylactic antidepressant treatment with citalopram on motor function recovery in patients with acute cortical infarction. Methods The patients with first-ever acute middle cerebral artery territory cortical infarction and with upper limb motor deficits within 24 h after onset were enrol ed prospectively. They were randomly divided into either a citalopram group or a control group. On the basis of conventional treatment, the citalopram group was given citalopram hydrobromide tablets oral y (20 mg/d) within 48 h after onset of stroke for 30 d. The 17-item Hamilton Depressive Rating Scale (17-item HDRS) was used to conduct the assessment of depressive symptoms before and after treatment. The National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale ( NIHSS ) and Fugl-Meyer Assessment (FMA) hand motor function score were used to conduct function assessment before and after treatment. Results A total of 66 patients were enrol ed in the analysis, including 32 patients in the citalopram group and 34 in the control group. There was no significant difference in baseline clinical data between the 2 groups. The baseline stroke severity of al patients was moderate (NIHSS score 5-15). Compared with baseline level at day 30 after the treatment, the HDRS score of the citalopram group was improved significantly (6. 70 ± 3. 58vs. 9. 86 ± 3. 48; t= 3. 380, P= 0. 001 ). However, there was no significant difference with the control group after treatment (6. 70 ± 3. 58 vs. 8. 12 ± 2. 96;t=1. 745, P=0. 086). The NIHSS scores in the citalopram group and the control group were decreased respectively (4. 30 ± 1. 88 vs. 2. 00 ± 1. 24;t=5. 900, P<0. 001). The hand FMA scores were increased significantly (4. 00 ± 0. 70 vs. 1. 42 ± 1. 91;t=7. 197, P<0. 001). There was significant difference between the 2 groups. In addition, the hand motor function score at day 30 after treatment was more than 25% of the baseline recovery in 14 patients of the citalopram group (43. 8%) and in 5 of the control group (14. 7%). The citalopram group was significantly higher than the control group (χ2 =6. 783, P=0. 009 ). Conclusions Early prescription of citalopram can significantly promote the motor function recovery in acute cortical infarction patients with moderate motor deficit and its mechanism may not be associated the antidepressant effect.

Unenhanced low-dose versus standard-dose CT localization in patients with upper urinary calculi for minimally invasive percutaneous nephrolithotomy (MPCNL.

Background & objectives: With the ethical concern about the dose of CT scan and wide use of CT in protocol of suspected renal colic, more attention has been paid to low dose CT. The aim of the present study was to make a comparison of unenhanced low-dose spiral CT localization with unenhanced standard-dose spiral CT in patients with upper urinary tract calculi for minimally invasive percutaneous nephrolithotomy (MPCNL) treatment. Methods: Twenty eight patients with ureter and renal calculus, preparing to take MPCNL, underwent both abdominal low-dose CT (25 mAs) and standard-dose CT (100 mAs). Low-dose CT and standard-dose CT were independently evaluated for the characterization of renal/ureteral calculi, perirenal adjacent organs, blood vessels, indirect signs of renal or ureteral calculus (renal enlargement, pyeloureteral dilatation), and the indices of localization (percutaneous puncture angulation and depth) used in the MPCNL procedure. Results: In all 28 patients, low-dose CT was 100 per cent coincidence 100 per cent sensitive and 100 per cent specific for depicting the location of the renal and ureteral calculus, renal enlargement, pyeloureteral dilatation, adjacent organs, and the presumptive puncture point and a 96.3 per cent coincidence 96 per cent sensitivity and 93 per cent specificity for blood vessel signs within the renal sinus, and with an obvious lower radiation exposure for patients when compared to standard-dose CT (P<0.05). The indices of puncture depth, puncture angulation, and maximum calculus transverse diameter on the axial surface showed no significant difference between the two doses of CT scans, with a significant variation in calculus visualization slice numbers (P<0.05). Interpretation & conclusions: Our findings show that unenhanced low-dose CT achieves a sensitivity and accuracy similar to that of standard-dose CT in assessing the localization of renal ureteral calculus and adjacent organs conditions and identifying the maximum calculus transverse diameter on the axial surface, percutaneous puncture depth, and angulation in patients, with a significant lower radiation exposure, who are to be treated by MPCNL, and can be used as an alternative localization method.

Diagnosis of Left Subclavian Arterial Stenosis with Multi-slice Spiral CT Angiography / 实用放射学杂志

Objective To estimate the value of MSCTA in the diagnosis of subclavian arterial stenosis.Methods 10 patients with suspected subclavian steal syndrome which causes subclavian artery stenosis underwent MSCTA, the contrast medium was Iohexol 80~90 ml, the flow rate was 3~4 ml/s with sure-star techniques,excretory-phase images were transferred to the workstation and shaded volume rendering (VR),multiplanar reconstruction(MPR),and curved planar reconstruction (CPR) were performed.The left subclavian artery was divided into proximal and distals by openning of left vertebral arteries. Results The narrowing positions:6 cases were in proximal and 4 cases were in distal of subclavian artery.6 cases were focal stenosis,4 cases were multiple stenosis and totally 14 focus.The extent of stenosis was 0.8~2.0 cm,10 cases were ≤1 cm and 4 cases were 1.1~20 cm.The degree of stenosis included 7 cases ≤50%,3 cases in 50%~70%.The results was same comparing with that of DSA.Conclusion MSCTA plays an important role in diagnosing subclavian arterial stenosis.

The Application of Multi-slice Spiral CT Angiography in the Internal Mammary Artery / 实用放射学杂志

Objective To estimate the ability of MSCTA in displaying internal mammary artery . Methods MSCTA images of clinically suspected aortic disease in 30 patients were retrospectively re-processed and analyzed.The transverse images were combined with the reorganization images to observe the running rule,length and diameter of internal mammary artery.Results 60 internal mammary arteriae were showed by MSCTA,one was maldevelopment and obvious smaller than that of the contralateral one,four in two patients were obvious circuitous and two in one patient appeared abnormal branch.All internal mammary arteries originated from the outside of the first segmental of the left and right subclavian artery respectively,and descended along the back of the upper 6 sostal cartilages,in the distance of 2 cm to the limbus of sternal border,then divided into two in the sixth intercostal space level.56 on anterior view showed straight line descent,while on lateral view,they closed to the costal cartilage and were mild-circuitous.The average length of internal thoracic arteries was:(20.11?1.85) cm in right and (20.34?1.57) cm in left, the average diameter was:(2.49?0.37) cm in right and (2.45?0.35) cm in left.Conclusion MSCTA can clearly demonstrate the internal mammary artery,which provides various kinds of information for the clinical diagnosis and treatment of certain diseases.

Evaluation of Multi-slice CT Post-processing Technique in Diagnosis of Small Peripheral Lung Cancer / 实用放射学杂志

Objective To evaluate the value of multi-slice spiral CT(MSCT)post-processing technique in diagnosis of small peripheral lung cancer .Methods CT materials with small peripheral lung cancer in 20 cases were retrospectively analyzed ,after 16-slice spiral CT scanning ,both plain and contrast ,and reconstructed using 1mm slice thickness ,the images were passing on an independent workstation for SSD and MPR technique .Results the images of SSD and MPR could reveal the relation between focus and surrounding organs in different dirctions,also revealed the features of pulmonary carcinoma stereos copically and directly,could show actually lobulated sign ,burr sign,pleural indentation sign and vessel convergence sign with small peripheral lung cancer ,the SSD imaging was superior in judging the presence of the lobulated sign .Conclusion It is very valuable for diagnosis of small peripheral lung cancer that application of SSD,MPR and two dimensional reconstruction。

The Evaluation of Spinal Injury with Multi-slice Spiral CT Post-processing Technique / 实用放射学杂志

Objective To evaluate the value of multi-slice spiral CT(MSCT) post-processing technique in diagnosis of spinal injury. Methods CT materials in 44 cases of spinal injury were retrospectively analyzed,all case were scanning with 16-slice helical CT,the images were passing on an independent workstation for MPR and SVR technique,and compared with axial 2D imaging of CT . Results MPR and SVR images could show the fracture line and displacement of fractured osseous fragments and spatial relationship of structure clearly,MPR images could show small fracture line and dislocation of joint actually. Conclusion MPR and SVR images are important supplement to axial 2D images,the axial imaging combined with various reconstruction technique can provide the space structure of spinal injury ,and play an important role in selecting therapy project and evaluating prognosis.

Clinical Evaluation of Multi-slice Spiral CT Urography in the Diagnosis of Pyelic and Uretal Disease / 实用放射学杂志

Objective To evaluate the diagnostic value of multi-slice spiral CT urography(MSCTU)in pyelic and uretal disease.Methods 46 cases of pyelic and ureter disease with integrated clinical data were collected in two years,all cases were undergone multi-slice spiral CT contrast-enhanced scanning,the excretory-phase images were transferred to the workstation and shaded volume rendering(SVR),maximun intensity projection(MIP),multiplanar reconstruction(MPR)and curved planar reconstruction(CPR)were performed.Results In 46 cases,16 pyelic and ureteral calculus,12 congenital deformitions(including pelviureteric duplication malformations,retrocaval ureters,ureteropelvic junction stenosis,supern-umerary kidneys),5 inflammatory stenosis,7 primary pyelic and ureteral cancer,4 ureters were involved by bladder cancer and 2 compressive lesion were found.Conclusion MSCTU has obvious advantage in the diagnosis of pyelic and uretal disease.